Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology
Course Code: ENV 310
Course Title: Water Supply Engineering (3-2-1)
Nature of the Course: Theory & Practical
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 45
Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor
Program: BCE/BCRE
1. Course Description
The course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the technical and practical aspects related to the design, construction, and maintenance of water supply systems by covering topics such as hydraulic principles, water quality analysis, treatment processes, pump design, and water distribution system design.
2. General Objectives
The general objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive knowledge of the principles, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of water supply systems. This course aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills to plan, organize, design, and implement safe, sustainable, and efficient water supply systems for communities and industries. Additionally, the course enhances the capacity of students to analyze the latest technology and regulatory frameworks related to water supply systems while implementing them in the field.
3. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works
4. Contents in Detail
Specific Objectives
Define the water supply system and identify its impact on community. List the component of water supply system and also recognize the flow measurement techniques.
Unit I: Water Supply System (4 hrs)
- 1.1 Needs and importance of drinking water
- 1.2 Contaminated water, wholesome water and pure water
- 1.3 Components of water supply system
- 1.4 Impact of water supply system on Socio-economic environment
- 1.5 National Drinking Water Quality Standard, WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
Unit II: Sources and Collection of Water (6 hrs)
- 2.1 Surface sources: Lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, impounded reservoirs
- 2.2 Underground sources: Springs, wells, infiltration galleries
- 2.3 Rainwater harvesting system
- 2.4 Measurement of yield from different sources (springs, streams, wells)
- 2.5 Selection of source for water supply system
- 2.6 Intake works: Components (spring intake and river intake) and selection of site
Unit III: Quantity of Water (5 hrs)
- 3.1 Water demand: domestic, livestock, commercial, industrial, municipal, fire-fighting, losses and wastage as per National Guideline
- 3.2 Per-capita demand and affecting factors
- 3.3 Variation in water demand: seasonal, monthly, daily and hourly variations
- 3.4 Methods of population forecasting: arithmetic increase, geometrical increase, incremental increase, graphical, master plan and logistic methods
Unit IV: Quality of Water (5 hrs)
- 4.1 Impurities in water: suspended, colloidal and dissolved impurities
- 4.2 Hardness and alkalinity of water and their relationship
- 4.3 Living micro-organisms in water: virus, algae, worms and indicator organisms
- 4.4 Water borne diseases: water borne, water washed, water based diseases and water related vectors
- 4.5 Fecal-oral transmission route and preventive measures
- 4.6 Physical, chemical and biological examination of water
Unit V: Water Treatment (10 hrs)
- 5.1 Objectives and components
- 5.2 Treatment processes and typical layout of water treatment plant
- 5.3 Screening: objectives and types
- 5.4 Plain sedimentation: theory of settlement (Newton’s law and Stoke’s law), types, components and design
- 5.5 Sedimentation with coagulation: purpose, stages, types of coagulants with chemical equations, principle of coagulation and flocculation, optimum dose of coagulant by jar test
- 5.6 Filtration: Mechanism of filtration, design and operation of slow sand, rapid sand and pressure filters
- 5.7 Disinfection: necessity and methods, chlorination, forms of chlorination, dose, application and test of chlorine, disinfection of byproducts
- 5.8 Softening: definition and types of hardness, removal of temporary and permanent hardness of water
- 5.9 Reverse osmosis, membrane technology, UV, ozone and activated carbon treatment
Unit VI: Reservoir, Distribution System (5 hrs)
- 6.1 Types of distribution system
- 6.2 Component of distribution system
- 6.3 Hydraulic consideration of pipe flow
- 6.4 Method of water distribution system
- 6.5 Layout of distribution system: dead end, tree, radial and ring systems standards
- 6.6 Design of distribution system: pipe hydraulics, design criteria, pipe network analysis
Unit VII: Water Conveyance and Appurtenances (5 hrs)
- 7.1 Construction of pipe lines: planning, setting out, alignment and gradient, excavation, laying and joining, testing and backfilling
- 7.2 Pipe materials: CI, GI, DI, Steel, Concrete, AC, PVC, HDPE, PPR, CPVC pipes and their joints
- 7.3 Valves: sluice valve, reflux valve, globe valve, scour valve, air valve, fire hydrants
- 7.4 Fittings: stop cock, water meter, water tap, sockets, bends, elbows
Unit VIII: Gravity Flow Water Supply System (5 hrs)
- 8.1 Introduction and typical layout of water supply system
- 8.2 Collection chamber, Interruption chamber break, pressure tank, Public stand post
- 8.3 Practical technologies: anchoring pipes, stream and river crossings, barbed wire fencing, protection of pipe lines and structures
- 8.4 Hydraulic design and use of computer software
5. Course Schedule
| Week | Content |
|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction to Water Supply System, Needs and Importance, Components |
| 2 | Sources of Water, Surface and Underground, Rainwater Harvesting |
| 3 | Quantity of Water, Water Demand, Population Forecasting |
| 4 | Quality of Water, Impurities, Diseases, Water Testing |
| 5 | Water Treatment, Screening, Sedimentation, Coagulation, Filtration |
| 6 | Water Treatment, Disinfection, Softening, Reverse Osmosis |
| 7 | Reservoirs, Distribution Systems, Pipe Hydraulics |
| 8 | Water Conveyance, Pipe Construction, Materials, Valves, Fittings |
| 9 | Gravity Flow Systems, Hydraulic Design, Computer Software |
| 10 | Practical Works and Revision |
6. Practical Works
- Determination of total solids and dissolved solids of water sample.
- Determination of turbidity of water sample.
- Determination of pH of water sample.
- Determination of chlorine in water sample by Starch Iodide method.
- Determination of dissolved oxygen of water sample from Winkler’s method.
- Determination of optimum dose of coagulant in water sample by using Jar test.
- Determination of Coliform bacteria / Escherichia coli (E-Coli.) of water sample.
7. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities
Evaluation System
| Internal Evaluation | Weight | Marks | External Evaluation | Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theory | 30% | 15 | Semester-End Examination | 50 |
| Practical | 20% | 10 | Semester-End Examination | 50 |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% | 5 | Attendance & Class Participation | 10% |
| Assignments | 20% | 10 | Lab Report/Project Report | 20% |
| Presentations/Quizzes | 10% | 5 | Practical Exam/Project Work | 40% |
| Internal Assessment | 60% | 30 | Viva | 30% |
Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such a score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear in the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exams, tests, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Books and References
Text Books
- Punmia, B.C., Jain, A.K. and Jain, A.K. Environmental Engineering – I: Water Supply Engineering. Jodhpur: Arahant Publications.
References
- Modi, P.N. Environmental Engineering, Volume – I: Water Supply Engineering. Rajsons Publication Pvt. Ltd., Standard Book House.
- Garg, S.K., Environmental Engineering (Vol. I): Water Supply Engineering. Delhi: Khanna Publishers.
- Davis, M.L. and Masten S.J., Principle of Environmental Engineering and Science. McGraw Hill.
- UNICEF. Guidelines for Gravity Flow Water Supply System. Nepal: UNICEF.