Hydraulics New Syallabus

 

Pokhara University Faculty of Science and Technology
Course Code: WRE 211 (3 Credit)	Full Marks: 100
Course Title: Hydraulics (3 – 2 – 2)	Pass Mark: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory and Practice	Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor/ Year: II/ Semester: IV	Program: Bachelor in Civil Engineering

1. Course Description:

This course deals with the study of hydraulic analysis and its application to hydraulic structures (e.g., pipe network, power turbine, reservoir, dam, spillway, weir etc.) for designing water supply system, hydropower generation, irrigation channels, flood control and other water-related infrastructures. Specifically, this course discusses: different flow phenomena; governing laws, applications for closed conduit flow, and open channel flow systems.

2. General Objectives:

Overall objective of this course is to enable students to analyze flow characteristics in pipe flow as well as in open channel flow systems, which aims to impart the concept of hydraulic phenomena in water resources engineering and their application in the field of civil engineering.

3. Methods of Instructions:

Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works

4. Course Contents
Specific Objective	Contents
Understanding concept of laminar and turbulent flow in pipes Enable to understand and derive relationships for shear and velocity distributions in pipe flow Enable to derive equations for estimation of major (frictional) loss in pipe flow	Unit 1: Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes (6 hrs) Introduction to pipe flow, Reynolds experiment and flow based on Reynolds' number Laminar flow: Steady-uniform- incompressible flow in a circular pipe; Shear stress and velocity distribution; Loss of head due to friction (Hagen-Poisseuille equation) Turbulent flow: Shear stress development; Prandtl's mixing length theory; Velocity distribution; Loss of head due to friction (Darcy- Weisbach equation) Hydrodynamically smooth and rough boundaries; Nikuradse's experiment, Variation of friction factor with Reynolds number; Resistance for commercial pipes; Colebrook-White equation; Use of Moody's

	diagram
Understanding and calculation of various minor losses associated with pipe flow Understanding of simple and complex pipe flow networks; and their comparative advantages and disadvantages Understanding and calculation of various flow variables in simple and complex pipe network systems	Unit 2: Pipe Flow Systems (9 hrs) Introduction to pipe system (fittings, bends, valves); Minor head losses in pipes (losses in sudden enlargement, sudden contraction, exit loss, entry loss, losses due to sudden obstruction, losses in bends and losses due to different fittings); HGL and TEL lines Three types of pipe flow problems and their solution Pipe Line System (Pipes in series and parallel): Dupuit's equation, concept of equivalent pipe length/diameter in series and parallel; Concept of economic diameter of pipes Siphons: Definition, application, conditions for continuous supply, different type of problem in siphon (simple and trial & error) Pipe network solution by Hardy- Cross method for single and double loops of pipe networks
Understanding concept of unsteady flow and water hammer phenomena, Enable to compute the rise in pressure due to water hammer, and Enable to understand the necessity and working of a surge tank	Unit 3: Water Hammer in Pipes (4 hrs) Basic concept of unsteady flow; Water hammer, its causes & effects in pipes Velocity of pressure wave in a rigid pipe; Propagation of pressure wave; pressure variation with time at different sections Water Hammer due to gradual and sudden closure of valve for the cases of rigid and elastic pipes; Equations of pressure rise for water hammer
Understand how flow in open channels differs from pressurized flow in pipes Learn the different flow regimes in open channels and their characteristics	Unit 4: Open Channel Flow (3 hrs) Introduction; Difference between open channel and pipe flows Types of open channel flows: steady & unsteady; uniform & non-uniform flows (gradually, rapidly and spatially varied flows); Sub-critical, critical and super critical flows Classification of open channels (natural and artificial channel, prismatic and

	non-prismatic channel, rigid boundary and mobile boundary channel); Geometric properties of open channels (depth, flow area, top width, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, hydraulic mean depth, bed slope, hydraulic or energy slope, water surface slope), Shapes of open channel
Describe concept and conditions of uniform flow and conditions in open channel, Explain equations for handling of uniflow problems in open channel Explain conditions and formulae for designing efficient channel sections	Unit 5: Uniform Flow in Open Channels (6 hrs) Conditions of uniform flow in a prismatic channel, expression for shear stress on boundary of channel, velocity and shear stress distribution in open channel and mean velocity Fundamental equations of uniform flow: Manning's equation and Chezy's equation, relationship between Chezy's coefficients (C), Manning's and Darcy's- Weisbach co-efficient Factors affecting manning's roughness coefficient. Conveyance, section factor and hydraulic exponent for uniform flow computation Determination of normal depth, velocity and slope Design of economic channel sections (rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and circular)
Understanding concept and derivations of energy and momentum principles in open channel Explain concept and formulae of specific energy; specific force; conditions for critical flow, maximum discharge Explain various applications including discharge measurement	Unit 6: Energy and Momentum Principles in Open Channel (6hrs) Specific energy, specific energy diagram, critical depth of flow Critical depth computations for all kind of channel sections (prismatic) and criteria for critical state of flow Alternate depth, depth-discharge relationship Application of energy principle and critical depth concept: channel width reduction, rise in channel bed, venture flume and broad crested weir Momentum principle, specific force, specific force curve, criteria for critical state

	of flow, conjugate depth
Explain concept and governing equations of gradually varied flow Understanding various types of channel bed slopes and flow profiles Enable to compute gradually varying water surface profiles	Unit 7: Gradually Varied Flows (GVF) and its Analysis (6 hrs) Introduction to GVF, reasons and examples of GVF Basic assumptions, governing /dynamic equation and its physical meaning Classification of channel bed slopes (mild, critical, steep, horizontal and adverse) and Characteristics of flow profiles in prismatic channels Computation of GVF in prismatic channels by graphical integration, direct step and standard step methods
To study the development of rapidly varied flow and hydraulic jump Enable to investigate the rapidly varied flow in open channel and compute various hydraulic jump variables	Unit 8: Hydraulic Jump and its Analysis (5 hrs) Characteristics of Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF) Hydraulic jump and its uses as an energy dissipater: jumps in a horizontal rectangular channel, jump variables (conjugate depth, height of jump, length of jump) Energy loss in jump Classification of the jump based on the tail water level and Froude number

5. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities Evaluation System

The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, term-exams, lab reports and projects etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows:

Internal Evaluation	Weight	Marks	External Evaluation	Marks
Theory		30	Semester End	50
Attendance & Class Participation	10%
Assignments	20%
Presentations/Quizzes	10%
Internal Assessment	60%
Practical		20
Attendance & Class Participation	10%
Lab Report/Project Report	20%
Practical Exam/Project Work	40%

Viva	30%
Total Internal		50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Students’ Responsibilities

Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

6. List of Tutorials
SN
1.	Computation of shear stress, velocity, pressure, flow rate, major and minor head losses for laminar and turbulent flow in pipes
2.	Computation of head loss, flow (Q) and size (diameter) in a simple pipe
3.	Computation of discharge, head loss, pressure in a siphon
4.	Computation of discharge, length, diameter in pipe in series and parallel
5.	Computation of head losses and discharge in pipe network using Hardy-cross method
6.	Computation of discharge, head losses, elevation in case of three interconnected reservoirs
7.	Computation of risk for pipe burst; rise in pressure in pipe for gradual and sudden closure of valves, time of closure of valves
8.	Computation of flow rate, shear stress, velocity, normal depth, slope in open channels
9.	Computation of most economical cross-sections for triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal and circular open channels
10.	Computation of Froude number, normal slope, critical slope, flow rate, alternate depths, specific energy, specific force, critical velocity, critical depths, conjugate depths for flow in open channels
11.	Computation of depth of flow, width reductions, floor rise (height of hump) for critical flow conditions in open channel
12.	Computation of type of flow profiles; characteristics (e.g., depth, distance) for GVF by direct and standard step methods
13.	Computation of jump location, heights, surface profiles for hydraulic jump

7. List of Practicals
SN
1.	Reynolds' experiment
2.	Head loss in a pipeline
3.	Flow through open sluice gate
4.	Hydraulic jump analysis in open channel
5.	Hump and constricted flow analysis: discharge measurement in open channel (channel

	width reduction, rise in channel bed and venture flume)
6.	Introduction to open-source hydraulic software (e.g., HEC-RAS)

8. Prescribed Books and References

Text Books: Modi, P. N. & Seth, S. M. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New Delhi: Standard Books. Subramanya, K. Flow in Open Channel. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. Bansal, R. K. A text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, New Delhi: Laxmi Publications.

References: Chow, V.T. Open Channel Hydraulics, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill. K. G. Ranga Raju. Flow through Open Channel. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. Jain, A. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New Delhi: Khanna Publication. Kumar, D.S. Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering. Delhi: S.K. Kataria and Sons. Rajput, R. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. New Delhi: S. Chand. Sangraula, D. P. & Bhattarai, P. A text book of Hydraulics.