Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology
Course Code: CVL 216
Full Marks: 100
Course Title: Surveying I (3-1-3)
Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory & Practical
Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor
Program: BE
1. Course Description
This course is designed to provide students with a comprehensive grounding in the principles, tools, and applications of surveying. Major content areas covered include the fundamentals of surveying, compass survey techniques, leveling methods, and understanding of advanced surveying instruments such as EDM, Theodolite, and Total Station, as well as intricate topics like tacheometry, contouring, trilateration, and triangulation. The curriculum is structured in distinct units, each diving deep into specific surveying facets, allowing students to sequentially build their expertise. Additionally, the "Instruction on Field Works" sections in multiple units signify the course's emphasis on practical application, ensuring students not only understand theoretical concepts but can also implement them in real-world scenarios.
2. General Objectives
The course is designed to equip civil engineering students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in surveying methodologies, instruments, and applications essential for accurate land and terrain assessments.
3. Methods of Instruction
Lectures, Tutorials, Discussion, Readings, and Practical works
4. Contents in Detail
Specific Objectives
State and interpret the fundamentals of surveying principles, tools, and practices.
Contents
Unit I: Introduction to Surveying (4 hrs)
- 1.1 Definition of Surveying
- 1.2 Plane and Geodetic Surveying
- 1.3 Classification of Surveying- Based on the nature of survey, objective of survey, and the instrument used
- 1.4 Instruments and Tools Used in Surveying- Their Purposes
- 1.5 Principles of Surveying
- 1.6 Scales, Maps, and Plans
- 1.7 Units of Measurement (Length, Area, and Volume) and Conversions
- 1.8 Accuracy and Error
Unit II: Compass Survey (5 hrs)
- 2.1 Introduction, Uses and Importance
- 2.2 Meridians, Bearings and Angles
- 2.3 Designation of Bearings, Whole circle and Quadrantal system and Conversions
- 2.4 Fore Bearing and Back Bearing
- 2.5 Types of Compass
- 2.6 Magnetic Declination
- 2.7 Local Attraction
- 2.8 Closing Error and Adjustments (Graphical and Analytical)
- 2.9 Instruction on Field Works
Unit III: Levelling (10 hrs)
- 3.1 Levelling- Basic Definitions and Importance
- 3.2 Types of Levelling- Spirit, Trigonometrical and Barometric
- 3.3 Spirit Levelling- Basic Definitions and Types
- 3.4 Methods of Reducing Levels and their Booking – HI and Rise & Fall Method, Arithmetic Checks
- 3.5 Two peg test
- 3.6 Effect of Curvature and Refraction
- 3.7 Reciprocal Levelling
- 3.8 Permissible Error in Levelling
- 3.9 Sources of Error in Levelling
- 3.10 Trigonometrical Levelling- Problems of Height and Distances
- 3.11 Practical Cases in Levelling
- 3.12 Instruction on Field Works
Unit IV: Introduction to EDM, Theodolite and Total Station (4 hrs)
- 4.1 Principle of Electronic Distance Measurement and Use of EDM
- 4.2 Types of Theodolite and its components
- 4.3 Principle of Theodolite
- 4.4 Uses of Theodolite- Measurement of Horizontal & Vertical Angles and Bearings
- 4.5 Components of Total Station
- 4.6 Electronic Data Recording
- 4.7 Uses of Total Station
Unit V: Theodolite Traversing (10 hrs)
- 5.1 Traverse- Definition, Types and Uses
- 5.2 Checks in Closed and Open Traverse
- 5.3 Consecutive and Independent Co-ordinates; and its Computation
- 5.4 Closing Error in Closed Traverse, its Computation and Balancing
- 5.5 Degree of Accuracy in Traversing
- 5.6 Plotting of Theodolite Traverse
- 5.7 Omitted Measurements
- 5.8 Instruction on Field Works
Unit VI: Tacheometry (5 hrs)
- 6.1 Introduction, Uses and Importance
- 6.2 Principles of Optical Distance Measurement
- 6.3 Systems of Tacheometry-Stadia System and Tangential System
- 6.4 Distance Measurement using Vertical Staff
- 6.5 Instruction on Field Works
Unit VII: Contouring (4 hrs)
- 7.1 Basic Definitions in Contouring
- 7.2 Contour Interval
- 7.3 Characteristics of Contours
- 7.4 Methods of Contouring
- 7.5 Interpolation of Contours
- 7.6 Uses of Contour Maps
- 7.7 Instruction on Field Works
Unit VIII: Trilateration and Triangulation (3 hrs)
- 8.1 Principles of Trilateration
- 8.2 Principles and Classification of Triangulation Systems
- 8.3 Strength of Figure
- 8.4 Satellite Stations and Inter-Visibility of Triangulation Stations
- 8.5 Instruction on Field Works
5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities should be conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.
| S.N. | Tutorials |
|---|---|
| 1 | Solving the problems related to the units of measurement and their conversions. |
| 2 | Determination of bearings, bearings conversions, Local attraction and closing error computation and adjustments in compass surveying. |
| 3 | Determination of the reduced level of any station using different methods of levelling. |
| 4 | Computation of consecutive and independent coordinates in closed and open traverse, balancing of closing error and determining omitted measurements. |
| 5 | Solving the problems related to the tacheometry. |
| 6 | Determination of Index contour and contour plotting. |
6. Practical Works
| S.N. | Practical Works |
|---|---|
| 1 | Horizontal, Vertical, and Sloping Distance Measurement – use of tapes, Abney level, and ranging rods. |
| 2 | Two Peg Test and Transfer of RL from BM to a point by Fly Levelling or Differential Levelling. |
| 3 | Preparation of L-section and X-section of a road alignment. |
| 4 | Demonstration of Theodolite and Total Station and traverse survey using theodolite or Total Station. |
| 5 | Preparation of a detailed topographic map by traversing using theodolite or Total station, with distances and elevations computed by tacheometry and contours drawn after arithmetic interpolation. |
| 6 | Determination of the elevation of accessible and inaccessible points by Trigonometrical Levelling. |
| 7 | EDM Demo |
| 8 | Measurement of a plot of Land by trilateration and computation of area in various systems (Ropani, Bigha, Hectare etc.) |
7. Evaluation system and Students’ Responsibilities
Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes, assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows.
| Internal Evaluation | Weight | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| Theory | 30% | Semester-End examination (50 marks) |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% | |
| Assignments | 20% | |
| Presentations/Quizzes | 10% |
Total Internal: 60%
| Practical | Weight | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% | |
| Lab Report/Project Report | 20% | |
| Practical Exam/Project Work | 40% | |
| Viva | 30% |
Total Internal: 50 (Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100)
Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such a score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exams, tests, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Textbooks and References
Text Books
- Punima, B.C., Jain Ahok K. & Jain, Arun K. Surveying Vol I, II, III. New Delhi: Laxmi Publications. 2005.
- Agor, R. A text book of Surveying and levelling. Khanna Publishers
References
- Clark, D. Plane and Geodetic Surveying for Engineers Vol. I, II. Michigan: Constable Limited. 1923.
- Bannister, A., Raymod, S. & Baker, Raymond. Surveying (7th edition). New Delhi: Pearson education.
- Kanetkar, T.P. Surveying.
- Basak, N.N. Surveying and Levelling. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill.
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