Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology
Course Code: WRE 212
Full Marks: 100
Course title: Fluid Mechanics (3-2-1)
Pass Marks: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory & Practical
Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor
Program: BE
1. Course Description
The course aims to acquaint the students with concepts of Fluid Mechanics. It covers the fluid behaviors and principles of fluid mechanics for applications in Civil Engineering. It covers statics, kinematics, and dynamics of fluid. It equips students' ability to analyze momentum equation, use of boundary layer theorem, and dimensional analysis.
2. General Objectives
The objective of this course is to provide a concept and knowledge of Fluid Mechanics for the application in Civil Engineering and Water Resources in particular.
3. Methods of Instruction
Lectures, discussions, tutorials, laboratory works, and assignments
4. Contents in Detail
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Fluids (6 hrs.)
- 1.1 Definition, scope, and application in civil engineering
- 1.2 Control volume and continuum concept
- 1.3 Fluid Properties: mass density, specific weight, specific gravity, cavitation, vapor pressure, surface tension, capillarity, and viscosity
- 1.4 Types of fluid pressure, pressure head, and laws of pressure
- 1.5 Measurement of Pressure: manometers (piezometer, U-tube manometer, and micro manometers)
Unit 2: Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces (7 hrs.)
- 2.1 Concept of hydrostatics on plane and curved surfaces
- 2.2 Total pressure and center of pressure (horizontal, vertical, inclined plane, and curve surfaces)
- 2.3 Pressure diagram (horizontal, vertical, and inclined plane and curve surfaces)
- 2.4 Computation of pressure forces on gates, dams, headwater tank, and other hydraulic structures (plane and curve)
Unit 3: Equilibrium Stability (5 hrs.)
- 3.1 Buoyancy and Archimedes principle, floatation concept
- 3.2 Condition of equilibrium: stability of submerged and floating bodies
- 3.3 Metacenter and determination of metacentric height (analytical and experimental method)
- 3.4 Liquid in relative equilibrium: liquid in a container subjected to uniform acceleration in horizontal, vertical, and inclined directions; uniform radial acceleration about the vertical axis
Unit 4: Fluid Kinematics (5 hrs.)
- 4.1 Lagrangian and Eulerian concept in fluid flow
- 4.2 Description of flow patterns: streamlines, streak lines, path lines, stream tube, stream functions, and velocity potentials functions, basis of flow nets
- 4.3 Types of fluid flow: uniform and non-uniform; steady and unsteady; one-, two-, and three-dimensional; laminar and turbulent; rotational and irrotational; compressible and incompressible
- 4.4 Conservation principle of mass; continuity equation in Cartesian and polar coordinates
- 4.5 Flow through stream tube, discharges, and mean velocity of flow
Unit 5: Fluid Dynamics (4 hrs.)
- 5.1 Various forces acting on fluid in motion (gravitational, pressure, viscous, turbulent, surface tension, and compression)
- 5.2 Introduction to Navier-Stokes' equation of motion
- 5.3 Development of Euler's equation of motion and its application
- 5.4 Bernoulli's equation: derivation, assumptions, application examples
- 5.5 Momentum principle and equations (one and two-dimensional)
Unit 6: Application of Energy and Momentum Equations (8 hrs.)
- 6.1 Flow measurement devices: Venturi-meter (horizontal, inclined & vertical), Orifice meter, Nozzle meter, and Pitot tube
- 6.2 Flow through orifices: small, large, partially and totally submerged
- 6.3 Hydraulic coefficients (Cv, Cc, and Cd) and their determination
- 6.4 Flow over notches and weirs: Discharge equations, concept of end contraction, and approach velocity
- 6.5 Force exerted by jets striking a flat plate, moving plane, and curve vanes
- 6.6 Force exerted on pipe bends and closed conduits
Unit 7: Dimensional Analysis and Physical Modelling (5 hrs.)
- 7.1 Introduction to dimensional analysis (physical quantity and their dimensions)
- 7.2 Methods of dimensional analysis: Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π theorem
- 7.3 Application of dimensional analysis
- 7.4 Concept of physical modeling and its relation to dimensional analysis
- 7.5 Laws of similarity
- 7.6 Model laws: Application of Reynold's and Froude Model law in Civil Engineering
Unit 8: Flow Through Submerged Body and Boundary Layer Theory (5 hrs.)
- 8.1 Description of boundary layer and its thickness
- 8.2 Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure gradient
- 8.3 Friction drags for laminar and turbulent boundary layer
- 8.4 Effect of pressure gradient and flow separation
- 8.5 Concept of drag and lift, types and formulas
- 8.6 Drag on cylinder and flat plate
- 8.7 Application of boundary layer principle in Civil Engineering
5. List of Tutorials
The following tutorial activities of 30 hours per group of a maximum of 24 students should be conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.
| S.N. | Tutorials | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Determination of capillary rise/fall; surface tension; viscosity; shear stress and pressure measurement using piezometer and manometer | 4 hrs |
| 2 | Calculation of total pressure force and Centre of pressure (horizontal, vertical, inclined, plane and curve surfaces) using formulas and pressure diagram Computation of pressure forces on gates, dams, headwater tank and other hydraulic structures (plane and curve) | 5 hrs |
| 3 | Determination of metacentric height, condition of stability of floating object, position of liquid in moving container, amount of spill | 3 hrs |
| 4 | Verification of continuity equation, determination of components of velocities | 3 hrs |
| 5 | Flow calculation using Bernoulli's equation in pipes | 3 hrs |
| 6 | Determination of flow by using a venturi-meter, orifice meter, calculation of hydraulic coefficient, determination of force using impulse-momentum equation, forces on pipe bends | 5 hrs |
| 7 | Solving the problems related to dimensional analysis (Rayleigh's and Buckingham's π) Calculation of model/prototype dimensions using Reynold's and Froude Model law | 4 hrs |
| 8 | Calculation of drag and lift forces | 3 hrs |
6. Practical Works
| S.N | Practical works |
|---|---|
| 1 | Newton's law of viscosity |
| 2 | Hydrostatic force on a submerged body |
| 3 | Stability of a floating body |
| 4 | Verification of Bernoulli's theorem |
| 5 | Impact of flow jet |
| 6 | Flow through edged orifice |
| 7 | Flow over a broad-crested weir |
7. Evaluation System and Students' Responsibilities
Evaluation System
In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes, assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows.
| Internal Evaluation | Weight | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| Theory | 30 | |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% | |
| Assignments | 20% | |
| Presentations/Quizzes | 10% | |
| Internal Assessment | 60% | |
| Practical | 20 | |
| Attendance & Class Participation | 10% | |
| Semester-End examination | 50 | |
| Lab Report/Project Report | 20% | |
| Practical Exam/Project Work | 40% | |
| Viva | 30% | |
| Total Internal | 50 |
Student's Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such a score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear in the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exams, tests, etc., and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Books and References
Text Books:
- Modi, P.N. and Seth, S. M. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
- Rajput, R. K. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
- Pritchard, Fox and McDonalds. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
References:
- John F. Douglas, Gasiorek, Swaffield, Jack., Fluid Mechanics
- Bansal, R. K., A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics
- Jain, A.K., Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics
- Webster., Fluid Mechanics
- Sangraula D.P., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
Copyright © High Grade Schoolar 2023 -
1)Surveying 1:Surveying Syallabus
2)Strength of Materials : Strength of Materials Syallabus
3)Probability & Stastics : Probability and Stastics Syallabus
4)Calculas 2 (Integral Calculas ): Calculas 2 Syallabus
5)Building Technology: Building Technology
6)Fluid Mecanics : Fluid Mecanics